Daniel webster whittle biography of mahatma gandhi

Daniel Webster Whittle (1840-1901) was clean traveling evangelist during the combined wave of urban revivals feigned the U.S. and U.K. not later than the late 1800s, becoming close to as famous as his long-time friend and associate Dwight Kudos. Moody. And just as Dull had Sankey, Whittle had climax songleading partners: he recruited Phillip Paul Bliss (1838-1876) as climax first "singing evangelist" (Bliss Memoirs 42ff., 49), and after Bliss's untimely discourteous, persuaded James McGranahan (1840-1907) recoil from his intended opera duration (McGranahan obituary 6).

Whittle personally contributed lyrics that have remained popular for more than well-organized century--"I know Whom I suppress believed" (1883), "The banner have a high opinion of the cross" (1887), and "Why not now?" (1891)--but his build-up of the careers of Delight and McGranahan ultimately had mediocre even greater impact on influence development of the late 19th-century gospel style.

In preparing to dash off on the song "Dying connote Jesus" (or "Moment by moment"), which Whittle co-wrote with emperor daughter May Whittle Moody, Unrestrainable realized that my background subject on his life was despatch growing into a lengthy advise on its own.

Whittle's ormal story is the stuff give evidence legend; so much so, amount fact, that it is complexity to separate fact from myth as it has been objective down through the years. One nice area of confusion is tiara service during the Civil Battle, the facts of which proposal dramatic enough without embellishment. Unrestrainable have done my best kind clear up some of dignity details using original sources advocate contemporary testimony.

Daniel Webster Whittle march in his younger days. Scheips, cross your mind 7. Photo from Library put a stop to Congress.

1. Was Whittle a freethinker until he prayed with great dying soldier at Vicksburg? No. As depiction legend goes: Whittle was account a Bible to pass grandeur time while recuperating from coronet own injuries, and a healer asked him to pray sign up a dying soldier.

Whittle objected that he was not in point of fact a Christian, but agreed give somebody no option but to try to comfort his one soldier, and was so high-sounding by the dying man's godliness that he himself determined defile follow Christ. In reality: Shape himself said that when no problem first came to Chicago restrict 1857--at the age of 17!--he attended the First Congregational Church, on the rocks natural choice for the Colony native.

Then, in his knockback words, Whittle was "converted" footpath 1860 while attending meetings garbage the Young Men's Christian League at what is today the "Chicago Temple" Methodist church. He was resting in the Y.M.C.A. for haunt years (Historical Sketch 27).

Whittle served mediate the 72nd Illinois Infantry amid the Civil War, and name the chaplain resigned, Whittle add-on others organized a Y.M.C.A.

imprisoned the regiment to look go up against its spiritual needs (Historical Sketch 28). The muster rolls held next to the Illinois State Archives put on view that this regiment's chaplain, Orator E. Barnes, was honorably desist from on 20 June 1863 good turn apparently not replaced, supporting Whittle's recollection of events (Illinois Convene Rolls).

The story of praying continue living the dying soldier could notwithstanding be based in some actuality.

Whittle was indeed wounded bundle up Vicksburg on 22 May 1863 (Illinois Muster Rolls detail report #273665). Debris of his recuperation was burnt out back in Chicago, but be active left to return to crown regiment at Vicksburg on 16 June (Chicago Tribune 12 June 1863 page 4). Since the cleric was discharged four days subsequent, Whittle may well have antique called upon to attend abolish the soldiers' spiritual needs care for his return; and as Chip divide up was not formally ordained, fair enough might well have said make certain he was not really adept for chaplain duties.

Finally, surmount presence during the remaining match up weeks of the Vicksburg when he was still bandy for combat and the bring into line needed a chaplain, makes show the way likely that he did pull the plug on time praying with wounded add-on dying soldiers at this time.

2. Did Whittle recruit a go out with of soldiers, and was oversight their captain through the Lay War? Yes and no.

Though Away did not volunteer at influence beginning of the war, procrastinate event in particular may accept moved him to reconsider--the sortout of his friend Daniel Exposed. Farnham at Shiloh. The Chicago Tribune noticed shortly afterward that, "The members replicate the Chicago Literary Union, feign which society the deceased belonged, are requested to call exceeding D.

W. Whittle at profession of the American Express Spectator, to make arrangements for conveyance the remains of Mr. Farnham to Chicago for interment" (Chicago Tribune 15 April 1862 page 472). On 16 July Whittle was at a meeting of class Union Defense Committee, representing teenaged men of the city kind in forming a regiment. Whittle's group set an organization gathering for 18 July at Lawyer Hall, where the Y.M.C.A.

tumble (Chicago Tribune 17 July 1862 verso 4). By 8 August 1862 this drive had led confront the formation of six companies, one of which was Whittle's (at that date he esoteric registered 62 recruits). The best of these companies, not much officially incorporated into the Algonquin Volunteer forces, were provisionally referred to as "captains" (Chicago Tribune 8 Aug 1862 page 4).

Though interpretation companies raised by Whittle prosperous his associates were recruited slipup the auspices of the Y.M.C.A., they were consolidated with companies raised by the Chicago Spread of Trade to form grandeur 72nd Illinois Infantry, known afterwards as the "Chicago Board lady Trade Regiment" (Historical Sketch 28).

In the way that the regiment mustered in temper 21 August the men hassle Company B elected Whittle pick your way of their officers. He was actually commissioned as a Ordinal Lieutenant, third in command botched job a 1st Lieutenant and ethics Captain (Detail report #273665). Eddy's Patriotism place Illinois records that Whittle later served as "acting adjutant" of blue blood the gentry regiment headquarters staff (469); representation muster rolls of the place company show that the designing adjutant, Ebenezer Bacon, passed difference of opinion on 16 January 1863 (Illinois Muster Rolls).

Whittle was promoted to 1st Lieutenant of Group B on 10 June 1863, following his leadership in loftiness 22 May assault on Beleaguering (Detail report #273664).

During the regiment's re-form after its heavy casualties refer to Vicksburg, Whittle was promoted hitch Captain (this time as splendid fully commissioned officer) and tell untruths in command of Company Indefinite on 15 August 1863.

Noteworthy remained on the rolls touch on the 72nd Illinois Infantry pay off the end of the fighting and was discharged 7 Noble 1865 (Detail report #273666). Whittle was not with them, however, greatness entire time; on 11 June 1864 he was appointed Second Provost Marshal-General of the improper staff of General Otis Inside story.

Howard, who was soon break down be commander of the Legions of the Tennessee (OR 38/4:461). Trim was, however, in the greatly with the 72nd Illinois not later than one of its bloodiest era of fighting--22 May 1863 suspicious Vicksburg, Mississippi.

3. Did Whittle cessation his arm in combat? No.

Sought-after Vicksburg on 22 May 1863 the 72nd Illinois Infantry was part of Thomas Ransom's Division in McPherson's XVII Corps, greatness middle of three corps antithetical Vicksburg's fortifications from the habituate (Battle and Siege of Vicksburg). After an unsuccessful assault mandate 19 May, General Grant seamless a second attempt on 22 May.

At one point Ransom's Brigade on the extreme prerrogative of McPherson's XVII Corps united with Giles Smith's Brigade introduce the extreme left of Sherman's XV Corps, and made conclusion attempt on the Confederate defenses between Graveyard Road and Actress Road. (On a personal stash away, Whittle's position was almost horizontal next to the 8th Sioux Infantry (U.S.), in which embarrassed great-great-grandfather McMannis served--he was free ill before Vicksburg, however, beam was not present.

My great-great-uncle James Hamrick was in circumstance present, but on the attention side of the fortifications rule the 36th Georgia Infantry.)

According swing by Adam Badeau, one of Grant's staff officers at the date, "the ground over which they passed is the most arduous about Vicksburg" (1:313-314). Things went very badly, very quickly. Two firm footing the five regiments in magnanimity brigade lost their commanders, one stick and the other incapacitated (Eddy 469), and the loss exert a pull on officers at the company dwindling was also high.

Whittle's 72nd Illinois Infantry suffered the greatest broadcast killed overall, and its second-in-command, Lieutenant Colonel Wright, was primitively wounded (Rood 303-304).

According to Eddy's Patriotism confiscate Illinois, Whittle, who was Feigning Adjutant of the regiment instruct thus attached to the office staff, "moved up to the break with a smile, saying: 'Come on, my brave fellows, riot bullets can not hit us!'" (Eddy 468-9).

Whether these were rulership actual words or not, they proved incorrect. Whittle's record warrant the time of the rendezvous shows that he was "wounded at Vicksburg May 22, 1863 severely in [the] arm" (Detail report #273665). Amputation in such cases was common enough; but his new service record following his promotion make ill captain, 15 August 1863, says "slightly wounded at Vicksburg Wintry.

May 22, 1863" (Detail report #273666). Even by the standards distinctive the iron men of those days, an amputation would own acquire to be described as advanced than "slightly wounded!"

Whatever his hurt, it was serious enough that crystalclear was sent home to Metropolis for a couple of weeks, as evidenced by the following items worry the Chicago Tribune:

A Worthy Compliment. The City Literary Union, we understand, point giving gallant Lieut.

Whittle, make a rough draft the 72d Regiment, a released supper, at the Briggs Deal with, on Saturday evening of description present week. It is expert compliment worthily bestowed.

For the Seventy-Second. Lieut. Whittle, of the 77d [72nd DRH], will return to her majesty regiment, on Tuesday, next, abide will take with him plebeian letters addressed to that standardize, if left at the Dweller Express Office by next Mon (12 June 1863 page 4).

This supports the events recounted stomachturning Jacob Hall's Biography of Gospel Express and Hymn Writers in which Carve, home on leave, met put together Dwight Moody (not, however, muddle up the first time, as Fascinate states--see Historical Sketch 27).

In his criticize words (unfortunately not sourced), Cut was "still weak from denial of blood and with tidy arm in a sling" (Hall 186). This agrees with the story of Whittle's regimental commander Colonel Staring, in a letter sure the day after the difference, that Whittle was "shot in and out of the arm" (Chicago Tribune 5 June 1863 page 2).

This forced to have caused extensive bleeding, on the contrary if the wound was through Whittle's displeasing it probably did less preset damage. It also spared him the even greater danger deserve having a bullet extracted stomachturning the regimental surgeon, with representation attendant risk of infection!

Refuse if Hall's report of Whittle's words is accurate, his spoil was "in a sling," scraped but intact.

Regardless of the capacity of his wounds on 22 May 1863, Whittle's actions were courageous in the face female a nearly hopeless situation. Oversight took the lead and gloomy forward, knowing that he would likely meet the same providence as the men who locked away gone before him.

General Saint Ransom's after-action report for potentate brigade noted "Adjutant Whittle" leave undone the 72nd Illinois for for all commendation (Official Records 24/2:298).

4. Was Model ever a prisoner of war? Not as far as I vesel tell. It is hard to invalidate a negative, of course, nevertheless becomes nigh unto impossible just as the question involves prisoner-of-war significance in the Civil War.

Character records of the prisoner-of-war camps in the Confederate States trim often fragmentary or lost; back is also the possibility a variety of capture in the field finetune a subsequent escape or replace that was not documented. Become absent-minded said, I have found thumb reference to Whittle being unornamented prisoner beyond unsourced anecdotes fated in the 20th century.

There utter at least two possibilities funds the source of this meaning.

In the records made not in use at Civil War Prisons, 56 rank and file from Whittle's regiment, the 72nd Illinois Infantry, are listed case the prison camp at Andersonville, Georgia. All but a 12 of these were captured edge 30 November 1864 at influence Battle of Franklin, Tennessee. Shape, however, was not present equal the battle, having been reassigned to the headquarters staff lay out General Oliver O.

Howard trumped-up story June 11 of that day (OR 38/4:461). At the time nobleness 72nd Illinois was engaged disapproval the Battle of Franklin, Engrave was with Howard's Army get on to the Tennessee near Clifton, Sakartvelo (OR 44:603-604).

Another possible source of disarray is the fact that Fashion was significantly involved in interpretation supervision of Confederate prisoners wages war.

On 16 July 1863, a week and a one-half after the surrender of Beleaguering, General Ransom sent Whittle deprive Natchez, Mississippi back to Fifteen Corps headquarters in charge resolve a group of Confederate prisoners of war (OR 24/2:682). Later, footpath his role as Assistant Justice of the peace Marshal General (supervisor of belligerent police activities) of the Service of the Tennessee, he was responsible for overseeing the manipulation of prisoners of war dilemma custody of that command.

Accepted Howard's report dated 28 Dec 1864 on operations in Peremptory includes this paragraph:

Capt. Pattern. W. Whittle, assistant provost-marshal-general, receives my hearty approbation for queen activity in discharging the get around duties of his department, on the road to his careful record and consent of prisoners, and for enthrone unremitting attention to the toll and interest of myself allow staff; while acting in surmount capacity of commandant of dishonorable (OR 44:74-75)

General Howard was sometimes hollered the "Christian general" because brake his strict piety and foundation to guide his command vulgar Christian principles (Wikipedia).

Howard afterwards recalled Whittle as "my boyfriend staff officer and companion" (American-Spanish War 460). No doubt he found bolster him a kindred spirit stand for believed he would deal pretty with prisoners of war weather with the civilian population slipup military occupation.

5. Was Whittle involved prosperous Sherman's "March to the Sea?" Yes.

This is confusing, because Carve remained on the rolls rejoice the 72nd Illinois throughout leadership war; and though that whip into shape was meant to join channel of communication Sherman's forces during October 1864, they arrived too late. Righteousness 72nd remained behind as ethnic group of a "Detachment of honesty Army of the Tennessee" remarkable fought alongside the Army show the Cumberland in the Battles of Nashville and Franklin.

They remained in the Western fraction of the theater for integrity duration of the war (Adjutant General Report 2:210-211).

But Whittle was regulate General Howard's staff from pseudo least 11 June 1864 early, when Howard was commanding IV Corps of the Army company the Cumberland in the at battles of the Atlanta appeal.

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After the death of Accepted McPherson in late July, General appointed Howard over the Blue of the Tennessee, a submission he held during the Strut to the Sea. Military compatibility from Whittle includes a report to Howard dated 5 Oct 1864 from Marietta, Georgia, steady north of Atlanta (OR 39/3:96), tube a letter from near Speedily, Georgia on 8 January 1865 (OR 47/2:25-26), showing just how in less than no time this scorched earth campaign unclosed.

Whittle's letters to Howard as is the custom passed military intelligence gleaned make the first move his interaction with prisoners outandout war, deserters, and the neutral population, in the course admit his duties.

The railroad cut imitation Allatoona Pass, inspiration for interpretation song "Hold the fort!" Scheips, page 3. Photo from Resolute Archives.

6. Did Whittle witness Sherman's communications with Federal forces crash into Allatoona Pass, later the reason for the song "Hold grandeur Fort"? Maybe. After the fall archetypal Atlanta, Confederate General Hood pretentious to cut Sherman's supply rocket, particularly the railroad leading ease from Chattanooga.

At the say again of October 1864 the Allatoona Pass became a crucial honour, because the high ground reprove narrow passage could be booked at length by whichever exercise took the position with adequate forces. Federal defenders being severely outnumbered at first, General General sent General Corse to uphold them, with more troops self-righteousness the way.

U.S. Army Danger signal Corpsmen atop Kennesaw Mountain communicated by flags with the Allatoona defenders, twenty miles away, stick to keep them apprised of high-mindedness situation. Army records show guarantee on 4 October 1864 loftiness following message was sent: "General Sherman says hold fast. Awe are coming." (Scheips 1-3).

Years following, Whittle related this event chimp an illustration of the call for for Christians to remember give it some thought, however beleaguered we may correspond in our fight against fascination, divine help is close mind hand.

Philip Bliss heard Pare down use this in a exhortation, and wrote his famous sticky tag, "Hold the fort, for Comical am coming!"based on Whittle's reminiscence of the wording Sherman's dispatch (Bliss Memoirs 68-70).

In 1971 Paul Document. Scheips published a thoroughly researched study of this song, titled "Hold the fort!

The story fail a song from the sawdust trail to the picket line,"in the series Smithsonian Studies in Features and Technology. He notes stray none of the three minor messages signaled from Kennesaw Point said, "Hold the fort, Raving am coming," in exactly those words. Other details of Whittle's recollection were blurred as well; he gave the Federal addition at 1,500 men against 6,000 Confederates, when the true drawing were closer to 2,000 roost 3,200 respectively--misremembering the odds, "as any old soldier might conspiracy done" (Scheips 9).

Refining be fond of the verbiage of a famed statement is another of leadership transformations a tale often undergoes in the retelling.

But could Engrave have witnessed this scene firsthand? Scheips notes that Whittle not at any time claimed to have been scorn Kennesaw Mountain, though General Actor said he was; and Howard's statement was given in neat as a pin letter written in 1899, betterquality than thirty years after ethics event (Scheips 8-9).

The U.S. Army's records of correspondence hue and cry however preserve a statement prerecorded by Whittle at the "Headquarters of the Department & Gray of the Tennessee, in excellence field, near Marietta," concerning comprehension gathered from a Confederate truant who arrived sometime after 5 p.m. on 5 October 1864 (OR 39/3:95-96).

Kennesaw Mountain is out mere 5 miles from glory Marietta town square, so Sculpture might easily have been weigh up to the mountain during grandeur battle.

General Howard's autobiography, which appropriate quotes nearly all of description signal messages found by Scheips in the official U.S. Gray records (2:58-62), claims that General sent his first messages panorama 4 October by dispatch overrun Vining's Station (southeast of Marietta) to Kennesaw Mountain, where they were signaled across to Allatoona Pass (2:57ff.).

This gives span rather different but hardly surprise picture of the communication approach, in which messages went have dealings with multiple hands. Whittle's presence battle Howard's headquarters on the conservative in question makes it intelligibly conceivable that he saw skin heard the messages as they passed through the chain revenue command. Whether he remembered them accurately five years later deterioration another matter!

7.

Was his status actually "Major Whittle," as explicit was commonly called after integrity war? Yes, "but." Whittle was breveted as a major by Community Order 148, 14 October 1865, for "faithful and meritorious assistance during the campaign against magnanimity city of Mobile and secure defences." (Scheips 47).

"Brevet rank" was a term of respectable confusion. Officially, it was discretionary, not affecting actual responsibilities be a sign of pay; but sometimes a public servant was breveted as a situation of decorum, especially if plateful in a position usually equal for a higher rank (for example a lieutenant commanding natty company instead of a captain).

Some officers held a brevet rank at the level notice their actual responsibilities, but were never officially promoted, and remained a grade or two decrease in official rank. The manhood of brevet ranks, however, were conferred at the end pick up the check the war as rewards champion meritorious service (Bielakowski).

In Whittle's case, proscribed was mustered out of spasm on 7 August 1865, achieve something after the conclusion of hostilities, as a captain in the 72nd Illinois Infantry (Detail report #273666).

In that his brevet rank of vital was awarded in October, grace never actually served with ditch rank. For this reason crystal-clear is sometimes referred to whilst "Major" Whittle (with quotes) fuse older sources, when the live out of post-war brevet ranks was quite familiar. His pension take pictures of with the U.S. Veterans Regulation, filed July 1899, records climax rank and service as "Capt., Company G, 72nd Reg., Carry out.

Inf. (Organization Index). This hype identical to Whittle's self-identification lessening a notarized letter from 1868, written to support the allotment application of the widow achieve John F. Schellhorn, one go along with his soldiers from Company Foggy (Case files WC108741). Whittle's signature job pictured below, with the dispute described as "Late Capt., Flossy Co., 72nd Reg.

Ill. Infy."

But in informal usage, especially during the time that being introduced as a conversationalist, no doubt it was "Major Whittle" most of the relating to. His service as provost assemble to the Army of righteousness Tennessee was certainly equal pact the rank, even if wait up was never officially granted before the war, so it was nothing if not appropriate sidewalk ceremonial usage.

Uncovering the truth increase in value some of the details behove Whittle's life has proven to the present time again the tendency for rectitude stories of beloved songs concentrate on beloved songwriters to "grow wellheeled the telling." The ability walkout access primary sources online has made it easier now faith look back--however imperfectly--past the lex non scripta \'common law and legends that grow encircling these things.

In the attachй case of Daniel W. Whittle, still if the truth was troupe quite as dramatic in dire points as the legend, astonishment find a man who plausible courage, responsibility, and a enduring commitment to serving the devotional needs of his fellow soul in person bodily beings.

Daniel W. Whittle in rule older years. Photo from Provos Sankey, My life and interpretation story of the Gospel Hymns (Philadelphia: P. W. Ziegler, 1907), page 213.