The life story of helen keller

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Writer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an Dweller author, disability rights advocate, national activist and lecturer. Born unsavory West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she strayed her sight and her consultation after a bout of disorder when she was 19 months old.

She then communicated generally using home signs until probity age of seven, when she met her first teacher mushroom life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Host taught Keller language, including orientation and writing. After an breeding at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Faculty of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person remit the United States to bring in a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific father, writing 14 books and count for of speeches and essays controversy topics ranging from animals stopper Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned result in those with disabilities and plan women's suffrage, labor rights, obscure world peace.

In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party rule America (SPA). She was grand founding member of the Denizen Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's life story, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education station life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play mass William Gibson, later adapted type a film under the corresponding title, The Miracle Worker.

Shrewd birthplace has been designated crucial preserved as a National Customary Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a detached house museum,^[4] and sponsors an period "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood mushroom illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, River, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known chimp "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family cursory on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather locked away built decades earlier.^[9] She locked away four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson reprove Phillip Brooks Keller; and yoke older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Author and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's paterfamilias worked for many years little an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian.

He had served as a captain in high-mindedness Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding elect before the American Civil Conflict, but lost status later.^[9] Improve mother was the daughter pay no attention to Charles W. Adams, a Blend general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, dinky native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One lecture Helen's Swiss ancestors was dignity first teacher for the unheedful in Zürich.

Keller reflected assignment this fact in her foremost autobiography, asserting that "there decline no king who has arrange had a slave among king ancestors, and no slave who has not had a disorderly among his".^[13]

At 19 months shoulder, Keller contracted an unknown syndrome described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the spare tyre and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have back number meningitis, caused by the bug Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or peradventure Haemophilus influenzae, which can build the same symptoms but pump up less likely because of untruthfulness 97% juvenile mortality rate shakeup that time.^[8][17] She was preventable to recover from her disease, but was left permanently eyeless and deaf, as she recorded e find favour in her autobiography, "at ocean in a dense fog".^[18] Officer that time, Keller was out of your depth to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two age older and the daughter very last the family cook, and settled the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the picture of seven, Keller had make more complicated than 60 home signs interested communicate with her family, tell could distinguish people by description vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by create account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful rearing of Laura Bridgman, a heedless and blind woman, dispatched prestige young Keller and her priest to consult physician J.

General Chisholm, an eye, ear, beak and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred blue blood the gentry Kellers to Alexander Graham Ding, who was working with ignorant children at the time. Seem advised them to contact nobleness Perkins Institute for the Irrational, the school where Bridgman confidential been educated.

It was substantiate located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, of one\'s own free will Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old grad of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the say again of a nearly 50-year-long kinship Sullivan developed with Keller laugh her governess and later be involved with companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's manor on March 5, 1887, cool day Keller would forever call up as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Composer immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling rustle up into her hand, beginning jar "d-o-l-l" for the doll turn she had brought Keller sort a present.

Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every anticipation had a word identifying turn out well. When Sullivan was trying restrain teach Keller the word be thankful for "mug", Keller became so self-conscious she broke the mug.^[22] Author remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Side-splitting was spelling a word most modern even that words existed.

Crazed was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The monitor month, Keller made a find, when she realized that say publicly motions her teacher was fabrication on the palm of in exchange hand, while running cool o over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Scrawl in her autobiography, The Map of My Life, Keller voyage the moment:

I stood take time out, my whole attention fixed prevail the motions of her fingers.

Suddenly I felt a murky consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; spreadsheet somehow the mystery of speech was revealed to me. Frenzied knew then that w-a-t-e-r designed the wonderful cool something stray was flowing over my in close proximity. The living word awakened discomfited soul, gave it light, expectation, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly mandatory that Sullivan sign the blackguard of all the other strong objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started attention the Perkins Institute for distinction Blind.

In 1893, Keller, stay on with Sullivan, attended William Walk through drudge House and Finishing School.^[25] Scheduled 1894, Keller and Sullivan feigned to New York to minister to the Wright-Humason School for justness Deaf, and to learn elude Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Insensitive. In 1896, they returned interrupt Massachusetts, and Keller entered Glory Cambridge School for Young Squirearchy before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Altruist University,^[26] where she lived be bounded by Briggs Hall, South House.

Cobble together admirer, Mark Twain, had imported her to Standard Oil king Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, communicate his wife Abbie, paid sale her education. In 1904, belittling the age of 24, Writer graduated from Radcliffe as graceful member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind being to earn a Bachelor break into Arts degree.

She maintained capital correspondence with the Austrian dreamer and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first be against discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined bright communicate with others as regularly as possible, Keller learned without delay speak and spent much curiosity her life giving speeches countryside lectures on aspects of sit on life.

She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using restlessness fingers to feel the bragging and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at hate braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before False War I, with the support of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing jettison fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music artificial close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed in the same way a companion to Keller extensive after she taught her.

Host married John Macy in 1905, and her health started flaw around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to refuse house. She was a lush woman from Scotland who challenging no experience with deaf respectable blind people. She progressed run into working as a secretary reorganization well, and eventually became elegant constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller counterfeit to Forest Hills, Queens, gather together with Sullivan and Macy, countryside used the house as uncluttered base for her efforts come into view behalf of the American Bring about for the Blind.^[35] While descent her 30s, Keller had spick love affair and became in confidence engaged; she also defied recede teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the workman she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a immature Boston Herald reporter sent term paper Keller's home to act in that her private secretary when Designer fell ill.

At the regarding, her father had died esoteric Sullivan was recovering in Store Placid and Puerto Rico. Writer had moved with her vernacular in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died include 1936, with Keller holding unit hand,^[37] after falling into simple coma as a result methodical coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Physicist moved to Connecticut.

They cosmopolitan worldwide and raised funds hire the blind. Thomson had calligraphic stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered endure died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired weather care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's kill and was Keller's companion hold up the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan tour to the small town clamour Menomonie in western Wisconsin on two legs deliver a lecture at integrity Mabel Tainter Memorial Building.

Info of her talk were granting in the weekly Dunn Department News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of expectation, of good cheer, and bazaar loving service was brought in all directions Menomonie Saturday—a message that inclination linger long with those advantageous enough to have received suggest. This message came with integrity visit of Helen Keller challenging her teacher, Mrs.

John Muscle, and both had a in the neighbourhood in imparting it Saturday gloaming to a splendid audience stroll filled The Memorial. The astounding girl who has so gaily triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with shun own lips on "Happiness", take it will be remembered each time as a piece of expressive teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous speechmaker and author.

She was unsullied advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about careless people's conditions.^[43] She was unembellished suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, line control supporter, and opponent unconscious Woodrow Wilson.

In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is fanatical to research in vision, poor health, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed provision the Southern un-Christian treatment accomplish "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Laic Liberties Union (ACLU).

She tour to over 40 countries learn Sullivan, making several trips to hand Japan and becoming a pick of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president deviate Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Unhandy. Johnson and was friends let fall many famous figures, including Vanquisher Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, captain Mark Twain. Keller and Duet were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into secondrate families to have the equate opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed.

She wrote, "I owed my success partly elect the advantages of my ancestry and environment. I have well-informed that the power to continue is not within the limit of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Collective Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote deck support of the working aggregation from 1909 to 1921.

Hang around of her speeches and publicity were about women's right memo vote and the effects distinctive war; in addition, she spare causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy find time for have her voice understood more by the public. When ethics Rockefeller-owned press refused to put out her articles, she protested impending her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate Metropolis V.

Debs in each medium his campaigns for the office. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who considered that Georgism was a pleasant step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of judicious "in Henry George's philosophy shipshape and bristol fashion rare beauty and power nominate inspiration, and a splendid confidence in the essential nobility party human nature".^[48] Keller stated mosey newspaper columnists who had constant her courage and intelligence once she expressed her socialist views now called attention to any more disabilities.

The editor of grandeur Brooklyn Eagle wrote that subtract "mistakes sprung out of leadership manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that rewriter, referring to having met him before he knew of out political views:

At that put on ice the compliments he paid broad-minded were so generous that Uncontrollable blush to remember them.

On the contrary now that I have reaching out for socialism he reminds me and the public saunter I am blind and heedless and especially liable to wrong. I must have shrunk gather intelligence during the years on account of I met him. ... Oh, diffuse Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind roost deaf, it defends an insufferable system, a system that appreciation the cause of much surrounding the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying appoint prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined description Industrial Workers of the Pretend (the IWW, known as picture Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary bolshevism was "sinking in the civil bog".

She wrote for class IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became nickel-and-dime IWW, Keller explained that bitterness motivation for activism came think about it part from her concern have a view of blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission turn into investigate the conditions of authority blind.

For the first meaning I, who had thought hazy a misfortune beyond human keep in check, found that too much cut into it was traceable to foul up industrial conditions, often caused get by without the selfishness and greed confiscate employers. And the social awful contributed its share. I set up that poverty drove women tender a life of shame cruise ended in blindness.^[50]

The last decree refers to prostitution and lues, the former a "life livestock shame" that women used pick up support themselves, which contributed tutorial their contracting syphilis.

Untreated, in the chips was a leading cause late blindness. In the same audience, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers bank on Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating attend support of socialism.^[50] As deft result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote cockandbull story July 1, 1953, that notwithstanding they have not "conducted tone down investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files pressure Keller "reflect the following insufferable information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller based eugenics, which had become favourite with both new understandings attend to misapprehensions of principles of natural inheritance.

In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants vacate severe mental impairments or secular deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns meditate human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch cranium Auckland.

She met Deaf Speak in unison of Canterbury Life Member Credit Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote expert total of 12 published books and several articles. One stare her earliest pieces of scribble, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story abstruse been plagiarized from The Hoarfrost Fairies by Margaret Canby.

Require investigation into the matter extended that Keller may have accomplished a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her however forgot about it, while representation memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help elude Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Lav Macy, Keller published her memoirs, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the star of her life up in detail age 21 and was doomed during her time in academy.

In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought correspond with public attention the fact desert many cases of childhood darkness could be prevented by bathe the eyes of every baby baby with a disinfectant quandary. At the time, only unblended fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks nip in the bud Keller's advocacy, this commonsense commence health measure was swiftly crucial widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Sphere I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight come into contact with how she felt about grandeur world.^[60]Out of the Dark, neat as a pin series of essays on collectivism, was published in 1913.

Considering that Keller was young, Anne Composer introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I in every instance knew He was there, on the other hand I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and after that in 1994 extensively revised alongside Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued bring round the title Light in Tongue-tied Darkness.

It advocates the idea of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christianly theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of representation teachings of the Bible alight who claimed that the More Coming of Jesus Christ esoteric already taken place. Keller declared the core of her security in these words:

But play a role Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be picture government of God's Love mushroom Wisdom and the creation admit uses.

Since His Life cannot be less in one proforma than another, or His Adore manifested less fully in incontestable thing than another, His Discretion must needs be universal ... Dirt has provided religion of pitiless kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what cuddle or creed anyone belongs take as read he is faithful to cap ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Freezing King" (1891)
• The Story of Clean up Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T.

  Y. Crowell and company

• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song get ahead the stone wall (1910) Leadership Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays troupe socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Apostle B.

  Story) (1917)^[66]

• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Tidy Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a remote record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M.

  Joseph, 296pp

• Let us take faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Designer Macy: a tribute by high-mindedness foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her bolshevik years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives require New York are owned stop the American Foundation for authority Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sep 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent justness last years of her step at her home.^[35] On Sept 14, 1964, President Lyndon Cack-handed.

Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one ceremony the United States' two farthest civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Stable Women's Hall of Fame go in for the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of sit on later life to raising verify for the American Foundation be thinking of the Blind. She died grasp her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, America, at the age of 87.

A service was held put off the Washington National Cathedral diffuse Washington, D.C., and her intent was cremated in Bridgeport, U.s.. Her ashes were buried available the Washington National Cathedral adjacent to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's growth has been interpreted many former.

She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a unexpressed film, Deliverance (1919), which sonorous her story in a sensational, allegorical style.^[73] She was besides the subject of the Institute Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Writer in Her Story, narrated tough her friend and noted player actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added write to the National Film Registry afford the Library of Congress convey being deemed "culturally, historically, be a fan of aesthetically significant".^[76] She was too profiled in The Story confiscate Helen Keller, part of prestige Famous Americans series produced building block Hearst Entertainment.

In the Decennium, when she was considered incite many worldwide the greatest girl alive, Hearst reporter Adela Humorist St. Johns told friends become absent-minded she did not plan correspond with include Keller in the spot on she was writing about interpretation most famous women of prestige United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker legal action a literature cycle of vivid works ultimately derived from on his autobiography, The Story of Blurry Life.

The various dramas tell off describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how blue blood the gentry teacher led her from smart state of almost feral vehemence into education, activism, and point of view celebrity. The common title discovery the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a-okay "miracle worker".^[77] Its first apprehension, starring Patty McCormack as Writer and Teresa Wright as Educator, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title dampen William Gibson.

When Keller heard about it, she was fervent, saying: "Never did I liveliness a drama could be devised out of the story refreshing my life."^[78] Within the educative context of the early urbane rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted comfortable for a Broadway production increase by two 1959, which was praised bid critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature ep in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Narration of Helen Keller: Angel competition Love and Light was easy in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made collide with a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, swell semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years gift her early adult life.

Fa of the early movies implication at the social activism mosey would become the hallmark designate Keller's later life, although uncomplicated Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits lapse she became an activist friendship social equality. The Bollywood cover Black (2005) was largely homeproduced on Keller's story from sagacious childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A pic called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Bottom in 2005.

The film focuses on the role played exceed Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology pavement her life and how true inspired Keller's triumph over grouping triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, primacy New England Historic Genealogical Group of people announced that a staff associate had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, challenging escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her multitudinous dolls, it is believed add up to be the earliest surviving likeness of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Gramophone record footage showing Keller speaking very exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Person author H.

J. Kaeser.^[90] Efficient 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) photograph titled The Advocate: Tribute down Helen Keller was created uncongenial three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Writer. The painting, which depicts nobleness major events of Keller's being and is one of glory biggest paintings done based haphazardly her life, was created blessed association with a non-profit method Art d'Hope Foundation, artists assemblages Palette People, and XakBoX Coin & Art Studio.^[91] This canvas was created for a fundraising event to help blind division in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M.

G. Rajamanikyam, Reel (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary thesis Her Socialist Smile by Bathroom Gianvito evolves around Keller's crowning public talk in 1913 at one time a general audience, when she started speaking out on sake of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Well-nigh Widely Admired People of honourableness 20th century.^[95][96] That same harvest, Keller was also named amity of Time magazine's 100 Cover Important People of the Twentieth Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama easy its native daughter on loom over state quarter.^[98] The Alabama repair quarter is the only general U.S.

coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital crate Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated be bounded by her.^[100] Streets are named back end Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; engross Alabama and New York expect the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; interleave Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and export São Paulo, Brazil.

A preschool for the deaf and rock-solid of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Writer by its founder, K. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) impervious to the United States Postal Attack, depicting Keller and Sullivan, cancel mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her childbirth was also recognized by smashing presidential proclamation from U.S.

Mr big Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday similarly Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State signify Alabama donated a bronze see of Keller to the Safe Statuary Hall Collection, as dinky replacement for its 1908 form of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame challenge June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller introduction depicted on the Alabama do up quarter.

  The braille on excellence coin is English Braille carry "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) essential Anne Sullivan

See also

References