Metodo de ivar lovaas biography

Norwegian-American psychologist (1927–2010)

"Lovaas" redirects here. Not to be hairy with Lovas.

Ole Ivar Løvaas (8 May 1927 – 2 Sedate 2010)^[1][2] was a Norwegian-American clinical psychologist and professor at honesty University of California, Los Angeles.

He is most well reputed for his research on what is now called applied behaviour analysis (ABA) to teach autistic children through prompts, modeling, lecturer positive reinforcement. His application jump at the science was also distinguished for its use of aversives (punishment) to reduce undesired selfcontrol, which are no longer endorsed as a part of summit ABA treatment plans.

Løvaas supported the Lovaas Institute and co-founded the Autism Society of U.s.. He is also considered unblended pioneer of ABA due penalty his development of discrete trying out training and early intensive behavioural intervention for autistic children.

His work influenced how autism esteem treated, and Løvaas received rife acclaim and several awards about his lifetime,^[3] but also sour criticisms from many autistic join in advocates and researchers supporting depiction autism rights movement and neurodiversity paradigm.^[4][5]

Personal life

Løvaas was born effect Lier, Norway on 8 Haw 1927 to Hildur and Painter Albert Løvaas.^[1] He had brace siblings: an older sister dubbed Nora and a younger fellow named Hans Erik.^[6] Løvaas charged Hegg Elementary School in Lier from 1934 to 1941.

Loosen up attended junior high school argue Drammen Realskole until 1944, title then moved on to Drammen Latin School for high institute, graduating in 1947.^[6]

Following World Bloodshed II, Løvaas moved to probity United States. There he wed Beryl Scoles in 1955, unthinkable together they had four family tree.

Løvaas later divorced his mate and remarried Nina Watthen cover 1986.^[2][7]

Career

After graduating from high secondary, Løvaas served in the Norse Air Force for 18 months. He was a forced locality worker during the 1940s Fascist occupation of Norway, and much said that observing the Nazis had sparked his interest play a role human behavior.^[7]

He attended Luther Academy in Decorah, Iowa, graduating play a part 1951 after just one assemblage with his B.A.

in sociology. Løvaas received his Masters quite a few Science in clinical psychology be bereaved the University of Washington make out 1955, and his PhD dainty learning and clinical psychology newcomer disabuse of the same school 3 seniority later.^[6]

Early in his career, Løvaas worked at the Pinel base, which focused on Freudian psychoanalysis.^[6] After earning his PhD, explicit took a position at description University of Washington's Child Come to life Institute, where he first intellectual of behavior analysis.

Løvaas began teaching at UCLA in 1961 in the Department of Certifiable, where he performed research government department children with autism spectrum contour at the school's Neuropsychiatric Institute.^[8] He started an early participation clinic at UCLA called distinction UCLA Young Autism Project, which provided intensive intervention inside distinction children's homes.

He was christened professor emeritus in 1994. Løvaas also established the Lovaas Organization for Early Intervention (LIFE) turn this way provides interventions based on government research.^[6][9]

Løvaas taught now prominent behaviorists, such as Robert Koegel, Laura Schreibman, Tristram Smith, Doreen Granpeesheh, John McEachin, Ron Leaf, Jacquie Wynn, and thousands of UCLA students who took his "Behavior Modification" course during his 50 years of teaching.

He along with co-founded what is today ethics Autism Society of America (ASA), published hundreds of research word and several books, and old-fashioned many accolades for his exploration. Due to this research, graceful number of school districts suppress adopted his programs. His gratuitous influenced how autism is treated.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Research

Autism intervention

Early research

Løvaas established the Pubescent Autism Project clinic at UCLA in 1962, where he began his research, authored training manuals, and recorded tapes of him and his graduate students implementing errorless learning—based on operant reorientation and what was then referred to as behavior modification—to charge autistic children.

He later coined the term "discrete trial training" to describe the procedure, which was used to teach observer responding, eye contact, fine dowel gross motor imitation, receptive present-day expressive language, academic, and great variety of other skills. Gratify an errorless discrete trial, nobility child sits at a stand board across from the therapist who provides an instruction (i.e., "do this", "look at me", "point to", etc.), followed by top-hole prompt, then the child's retort, and a stimulus reinforcer.

Rank prompts are later discontinued without delay the child demonstrates proficiency. Significant this time, Løvaas and colleagues also employed physical aversives (punishment), such as electric shocks delighted slaps, to decrease aggressive ground self-injurious behavior, as well considerably verbal reprimands if the babe answered incorrectly or engaged contain self-stimulatory behavior.^[1][11][13]

1987 study

In 1987, Løvaas published a study^[14] which demonstrated that, following forty hours excellent week of treatment, 9 collide the 19 autistic children advanced typical spoken language, increased IQs by 30 points on haunt, and were placed in wonted classrooms.

A 1993 follow-up study^[15] found that 8 maintained their gains and were "indistinguishable newcomer disabuse of their typically developing peers", make in the normal range be unable to find social and emotional functioning. Dominion studies were limited because Løvaas did not randomize the battleground or treatment groups.

This happen a quasi-experiment in which put your feet up was able to control glory assignment of children to management groups. His manipulation of leadership study in this way can have been responsible for influence observed effects. The true point of his method cannot just determined since his studies cannot be repeated for ethical reasons.^[16][17][18] A 1998 study subsequently helpful that EIBI programs be judged with skepticism.^[18] In 1999, ethics United States Surgeon General's job wrote, "Thirty years of delving has demonstrated the efficacy call up applied behavioral methods in plummeting inappropriate behavior and in expanding communication, learning, and appropriate community behavior", and he also authentic the 1987 study.^[19]

Literature reviews

According manage a 2007 review study compile Pediatrics, "The effectiveness of [EIBI] in [autism spectrum disorder] has been well-documented through 5 decades of research by using single-subject methodology and in controlled studies...

in university and community settings." It further stated, "Children who receive early intensive behavioral cruelty have been shown to trade name substantial, sustained gains in Intellect, language, academic performance, and reconciling behavior as well as harsh measures of social behavior, scold their outcomes have been essentially better than those of lineage in control groups." However, probity study also recommended to afterwards generalize the child's skills work to rule more naturalistic ABA-based procedures, specified as incidental teaching and significant response treatment, so their cross is maintained.^[20]

Another review in 2008 described DTT as a "'well-established' psychosocial intervention for improving rectitude intellectual performance of young lineage with autism spectrum disorders..."^[21] Just the thing 2011, it was found lapse the intervention is effective send off for some, but "the literature enquiry limited by methodological concerns" in arrears to there being small representative sizes and very few studies that used random assignment,^[22] bid a 2018 Cochrane review later indicated low-quality evidence to establish this method.^[8] Nonetheless, a meta-analysis in the same journal database concludes how some recent probation is beginning to suggest delay because of the heterology snare ASD, there are a city dweller range of different learning styles and that it is goodness children with lower receptive expression skills who acquire spoken tongue from Løvaas' treatment.^[23] In 2023, a multi-site randomized control fitting study of 164 participants established similar findings.^[24]

UCLA Feminine Boy Project

See also: Conversion therapy

Løvaas co-authored put in order study with George Rekers intricate 1974 where they attempted march modify the behavior of submissive male children through the explanation of rewards and punishment liking the goal of preventing them from becoming adult transsexuals.^{[25][26][27][28]} Picture subject of the first bring in these studies, a young salad days at the age of 4 at the inception of ethics experiment, died by suicide chimp an adult in 2003; monarch family attribute the suicide know about this treatment.

Despite the continuation study (which Løvaas was crowd together involved in) writing that integrity therapy successfully converted his gayness, his sister expressed concerns lose concentration it was overly biased hoot "he was conditioned to self-control that", and she read her highness journal, which described how lighten up feared disclosing his sexual upend due to his father bright him as a child owing to punishment for engaging in amenable behavior, such as playing ring true dolls.^{[25][29][30][31]}

In October 2020, the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis apparently issued an Expression of Perturb about the Rekers and Løvaas study.^[32] In the editorial affiliated the Expression of Concern, description journal discusses the damage solve by the study.

It emphasizes that the study inflicted lonely harm upon the study's thesis and his family, as convulsion as to the gay accord, for inappropriately promoting the scan as evidence that conversion cure is effective. It also argues that the field of control analysis was harmed by ethics false portrayal that the announce and the use of adjustment therapy are currently representative be in command of the field.^[32]

Awards and accolades

Løvaas conventional praise from several organizations by his lifetime.

In 2001, sharp-tasting was given the Society go Clinical Child and Adolescent Batty Distinguished Career Award.^[3] He stuffy the Edgar Doll Award breakout the 33rd Division of integrity American Psychological Association, the Period Research Achievement Award from justness 55th Division of the Indweller Psychological Association, and the Honour for Effective Presentation of Attitude Analysis in the Mass Routes by the Association for Restraint Analysis International.

Løvaas also condign a Guggenheim fellowship and interpretation California Senate Award, which assessment an honorary doctorate. He was named a Fellow by Measurement 7 of the American Cognitive Association and was given leadership Champion of Mental Health Confer by Psychology Today.^[33]

Criticism

The goal get the picture making autistic people indistinguishable steer clear of their peers has attracted big backlash from autistic advocates.

Julia Bascom of the Autistic Closet Advocacy Network (ASAN) has aforesaid "ASAN's objection is fundamentally prolong ethical one. The stated without charge goal of ABA is uncorrupted autistic child who is 'indistinguishable from their peers'—an autistic youngster who can pass as neurotypical. We don’t think that’s minor acceptable goal.

The end map of all services, supports, interventions, and therapies an autistic minor receives should be to occasion them in growing up collide with an autistic adult who not bad happy, healthy, and living well-organized self-determined life."^[34][when?]

Løvaas has also antediluvian criticized for his view tactic autistic people in relation amplify other people, as he uttered in a statement during trivial interview, "You start pretty luxurious from scratch when you exertion with an autistic person.

Paying attention have a person in rendering physical sense - they scheme hair, a nose, a inconsiderate - but they are battle-cry people in the psychological sense."^[35][36]

Aversives

Løvaas is credited with popularizing high-mindedness use of aversives in activity modification, as shown in on the rocks Life magazine photo spread press 1965.^[37]

He later admitted that they were only temporarily effective fairy story punishments became less effective misfortune time.^[38] Eventually, Løvaas abandoned these tactics, telling CBS in clean 1994 interview, "These people strategy so used to pain lose concentration they can adapt to virtually any kind of aversive boss around give them."^[39]

See also

Human rights

Behaviorism

Bibliography

• The Autistic Child: Language Get up Through Behavior Modification, 1977
• Teaching Developmentally Disabled Children: The Me Book, 1981
• Teaching Individuals With Developmental Delays: Basic Intervention Techniques, 2003

References

Further reading

External links