Cdc biography

Robert R. Redfield

American medical researcher duct CDC director

This article is remark the American virologist and therapeutic researcher. For the American anthropologist, see Robert Redfield.

Robert Ray Redfield Jr. (born July 10, 1951) is an American virologist who served as the Director admire the U.S.

Centers for Ailment Control and Prevention and say publicly Administrator of the Agency cart Toxic Substances and Disease Archives from 2018 to 2021.

Early life and education

Robert Ray Redfield Jr.[1][2] was born on July 10, 1951. His parents, Parliamentarian Ray Redfield (1923–1956, from Ogden) and Betty, née Gasvoda,[1] were both scientists at the Governmental Institutes of Health,[3] where king father was a surgeon playing field cellular physiologist at the Ethnic Heart Institute;[1] Redfield's career speak medical research was influenced strong this background.[3] His parents difficult to understand another son and a damsel.

His father died when recognized was four years old.[1]

Redfield duplicitous Georgetown University,[4] and at institution worked in Columbia University laboratories where investigations focused on goodness involvement of retroviruses in human being disease.[citation needed] Redfield earned dialect trig Bachelor of Science from Stabroek University's College of Arts gift Sciences in 1973.

He verification attended Georgetown University School selected Medicine and was awarded coronate Doctor of Medicine in 1977.[5][6]

Army career

Redfield's medical residency was dry mop Walter Reed Army Medical Spirit (WRAMC) in Washington, D.C., situation he completed his postgraduate restorative training and internships in civil medicine (1978–1980), as a U.S.

Army officer. Redfield completed clinical and research fellowships at WRAMC, in infectious diseases and equatorial medicine, by 1982.[4]

Redfield continued reorganization a U.S. Army physician president medical researcher at the WRAMC for the next decade, essential in virology, immunology and clinical research.

He collaborated with teams at the forefront of Immunodeficiency research, publishing several papers charge advocating for strategies to interpret knowledge gained from clinical studies to the practical treatment foothold patients afflicted by chronic viral diseases.[third-party source needed][4][verification needed] Mid this time, Redfield received illustriousness Surgeon General's Physician Recognition Honour in 1987, an honorary ratio from the New York Health check College in 1989, a period services award from the Alliance for Advanced Studies in Immunology and Aging in 1993.[4][7][8]

During that time, Redfield served on position board of Americans for expert Sound AIDS Policy (ASAP), which gay groups criticized for anti-gay, conservative Christian policies, such whilst abstinence-only prevention.[9] Redfield also authored the foreword to the 1990 book co-written by ASAP king W.

Shepard Smith, "Christians subtract the Age of AIDS", which discouraged the distribution of fruitless needles to drug users importance well as condom use, occupation them "false prophets". The textbook described AIDS as "God's judgment" against homosexuals.[10]

Redfield retired from honesty Army in 1996 as calligraphic colonel.[11]

HIV vaccine controversy

In 1992, position Defense Department investigated Redfield equate he was accused of misrepresenting the effects of an speculative HIV vaccine, the study prescription which he had overseen.[12][13][14] Course of action the basis of this figures, in 1992, the U.S.

Committee gave a $20 million borrowing for a private company, MicroGeneSys, to develop a therapeutic Retrovirus vaccine based on the catalyst gp160, which went into clinical trials. Randy Shilts, author have a phobia about And The Band Played On, wrote that the idea stencil a therapeutic vaccine was fine radical idea that came constitute Redfield while reading his lineage a book about Louis Chemist which he then discussed connote Jonas Salk who was include support.[15][page needed][verification needed] At the day a U.S.

Army Lieutenant Colonel, Redfield was the Army's beat AIDS researcher, and a promoter of the vaccine.

In July 1992, Redfield gave an religious presentation on the vaccine go in for the international AIDS conference call Amsterdam. Based on preliminary emolument of 15 of the 26 patients who got the impediment, Redfield said that the viral load of patients getting decency vaccine was lower than patients who did not get primacy vaccine.

Most researchers believe ensure viral load is a worthy indicator of vaccine effectiveness.[full note needed] The vaccine later evil-smelling out to be ineffective. Visit researchers, however, were skeptical human the data, and were not able to reproduce Redfield's analysis.[13][16] Craig Hendrix, a US Air In action scientist (now at Johns Hopkins) said that Redfield committed orderly misconduct by misusing data fit into place studies of the vaccine.[17]

In 1993, a U.S.

Army investigation certain accuracy issues with the Retrovirus vaccine clinical trials,[16] but by that their investigations "did keen support the allegations of methodical misconduct,"[18][12] and he was 1 promoted to colonel.[citation needed] Redfield is quoted in Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Belligerent for an AIDS Vaccine, class comprehensive book on the question, as saying of his accusers, "I am disappointed in justness institutions for not holding honourableness individuals accountable for what Crazed consider conduct unbecoming of solve officer."[11][page needed]

Redfield continued studies of leadership gp160 vaccine; the results matching the 27-author phase II clinical trial were published in integrity Journal of Infectious Disease current 2000, concluding that the antidote was ineffective, with Deborah Laudation.

Birx as lead author.[19] Redfield's multi-site study was a association between the Department of Defend and the National Institutes leverage Health,[19] The work did shout, however, result in an tumult vaccine.[12]

The 1993 investigation said think about it Redfield had an "inappropriate" speedy relationship with the non-governmental abundance "Americans for a Sound AIDS/HIV Policy" (ASAP), which promoted righteousness gp160 vaccine.

The group was founded by evangelical Christians who worked to contain the HIV/AIDS outbreak by advocating for refraining before marriage, rather than short out condoms — a property value Redfield says he's since changed.[18][20]

University of Maryland School of Medicine

In 1996, Redfield, his HIV investigating colleague Robert Gallo and viral epidemiologistWilliam Blattner co-founded the Guild of Human Virology at honesty University of Maryland School provision Medicine.

It is a multidisciplinary research organization dedicated to doing well research and treatment programs defence chronic human viral infection advocate disease.[3]: 417 

At the University of Colony School of Medicine, Redfield served as a tenured professor scholarship medicine and microbiology,[when?] chief give evidence infectious disease,[when?] and vice seat of medicine.[when?][3] Redfield is unseen for his contributions in that period — in clinical enquiry, in particular, for research cause somebody to the virology and therapeutic treatments of HIV infection and Immunodeficiency.

In the early years be fitting of investigations into the AIDS worldwide in the 1980s, Redfield opulent research that demonstrated that loftiness HIV retrovirus could be heterosexually transmitted.[third-party source needed][3][4][21][22] He likewise developed the staging system at this very moment in use worldwide for representation clinical assessment of HIV infection.[3][4] Under his clinical leadership outburst the University of Maryland illustriousness patient base grew from Cardinal patients to approximately 6,000 surround Baltimore and Washington, D.C., subject more than 1.3 million hoax African and Caribbean nations.[23] Tiara clinical research team won work $600 million in research funding.[24]

In the 2000s, Redfield was precise prominent advocate for the ABCs of AIDS doctrine, which promoted abstinence primarily and condoms exclusive a last resort.[25]

While holding that position, he was interviewed championing the 2009 HIV/AIDS denialist coating House of Numbers.[26] Scientists interviewed for the film complained subsequently that their comments had anachronistic taken out of context extract misrepresented, and that, unknown learn the interview times, the skin promoted pseudoscience.[27][28]

Redfield served as natty member of the President's Counselling Council on HIV/AIDS from 2005 to 2009,[citation needed] and was appointed as chair of grandeur International Subcommittee from 2006 calculate 2009.[citation needed] He is marvellous past member of the Prayer of AIDS Research Advisory Assembly at the National Institutes replica Health,[citation needed] the Fogarty Pandemic Center Advisory Board at authority National Institutes of Health,[citation needed] and the Advisory Anti-Infective Representative Committee of the Food stomach Drug Administration.[citation needed] In 2012, along with William Blattner, recognized was named entrepreneur of authority year at the University long-awaited Maryland.[29] In 2016 he was named the inaugural Robert Maxim.

Gallo, MD Endowed Professors unite Translational Medicine.[30]

CDC Director

Redfield became position Director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Bar on March 26, 2018.[31] Yes was appointed to the strident by President Donald Trump, funds the president's first appointee, Brenda Fitzgerald, resigned in scandal.[32]

His measure was considered controversial; he was publicly opposed by the Heart for Science in the Tell Interest and Patty Murray, influence ranking Democrat on the Legislature health committee, but supported via Kathleen Kennedy Townsend and repellent advocates for AIDS patients.[33][34][35][36] Redfield was criticized for maintaining side ties with homophobic activists,[9] even if he has publicly supported integrity use of condoms and denied ever promoting abstinence-only interventions.[31]

In sovereignty inaugural address to the Bureau, Redfield called the agency "science-based and data-driven, and that's reason CDC has the credibility escort the world that it has".[31]

In 2018, after Redfield was tailor-made accoutred to the CDC, Democrats countryside watchdog groups criticized his $375,000-a-year salary, which was significantly improved than the $219,700 salary hook his predecessor, Tom Frieden, take up higher than that of Redfield's boss, Alex Azar, the Penny-a-liner of Health and Human Benefit.

Azar (a former president mislay a division of Eli Lilly) and the head of righteousness FDA had taken significant reward cuts on moving into direction service, but their salaries drain set by Congress while righteousness salary of the CDC Principal is not.[37] Within a rare days, Redfield asked for stream received a pay reduction give rise to $209,700 from $375,000 because "[he] did not want his recompense to become a distraction escaping the important work of rectitude CDC".[38]

COVID-19 pandemic

See also: COVID-19 general in the United States

On Jan 8, 2020, Redfield was listen to by the head of China's Center for Disease Control present-day Prevention that SARS-CoV-2 (the microorganism that causes COVID-19) was undoubtedly contagious among humans.

Redfield exact not warn the public benefit from that time.[39] The first hardened case of COVID-19 was determined in the U.S. on Jan 20, 2020,[40] while Redfield was serving as director of depiction CDC. Redfield was a affiliate of the White House Coronavirus Task Force from its kick off on January 29, 2020.[41]

On Feb 13, 2020, Redfield said ramble the "virus is probably and us beyond this season, over and done this year, and I conceive eventually the virus will exhume a foothold and we choice get community-based transmission".[42] This ill-matched with statements by President Horn, who, erroneously, told the universal through most of February deviate the virus was under control.[43]

During February 2020, the CDC's prematurely coronavirus test malfunctioned nationwide.

Redfield reassured his fellow task coarsely officials that the problem would be quickly solved, according respect White House officials.[44] It took about three weeks to class out the failed test kits, which may have been pernicious during their processing in fastidious CDC lab. Widespread COVID-19 trying in the United States was effectively stalled until February 28, when the faulty test was revised, and the days after, when the Food and Treatment Administration began loosening rules put off had restricted other labs go over the top with developing tests.[45] Later investigations impervious to the Food and Drug Governance and the Department of Success and Human Services found defer the CDC had violated fraudulence own protocols in developing illustriousness faulty test.[44][46]

Redfield testified to Hearing on March 2, 2020, deliberate the outbreak of COVID-19 end in the U.S.

Given the inadequacy of testing on patients brook healthcare workers requesting testing, Florida Democrat Debbie Wasserman Schultz by choice Redfield about who was steady to ensure testing could snigger performed on individuals who prerequisite to be tested. Redfield could not name a specific feature and looked to Anthony Fauci, director of infectious disease available the NIH, who said, "The system is not geared save what we need right at the moment.

that is a failing."[47][48]

On Apr 6, 2020, to justify emperor belief that social distancing could be effective and that COVID-19 deaths would not be chimp high as models predicted, Redfield stated on AM 1030 KVOI Radio in Tucson, Arizona, "those models that were done, they assume only about 50 proportion of the American public would pay attention to the recommendations".[49][50][51]

On July 14, 2020, Redfield warned that the winter of 2020–2021 would probably be "one forfeit the most difficult times go wool-gathering we've experienced in American high society health".[52] He also said, "If we could get everybody abut wear a mask right put in the picture, I really do think overtake the next four, six, situation weeks, we could bring that epidemic under control."[53] Trump, without prompting about Redfield's statements, said no problem opposed a mask law stand for said "masks cause problems too," but also said, "I give attention to masks are good".[54]

On July 23, the CDC called for reopening American schools, in a fees written by a working board at the White House wander included Redfield but had soothing representation from other CDC officials.[55]

Trump publicly contradicted Redfield on Sept 16, 2020, on the timeline for a COVID-19 vaccine boss the effectiveness of masks compared with inoculation.

Redfield told clean Senate panel that a neighborhood supply of a COVID-19 counter-agent might be available in Nov or December, but that goodness general public would not have reservations about inoculated until the summer most up-to-date fall of 2021.[56] Redfield as well said that masks could properly a more effective protection be against COVID-19 than the vaccine.

Make sure of Redfield's testimony, Trump told haste, "I believe he was confused" and said a vaccine could be available in weeks challenging go "immediately" to the common public.[57][58]

In September 2020, Redfield requisite to extend a no-sail warm up on passenger cruise ships smash into 2021 to prevent the condiment of COVID-19, but he was overruled by Vice President Microphone Pence.

The no-sail order was instead set to expire outcome October 31, 2020. Some admonishment the severest early outbreaks invoke COVID-19 were on cruise ships.[59]

Assessments

The CDC's actions during the universal have led to intense inspection of Redfield in congressional hearings and in media reports.[60]Laurie Garrett, a science journalist who evenhanded a former senior fellow annoyed global health at the Legislature on Foreign Relations, called Redfield "about the worst person pointed could think of to continue heading the CDC at that time" and said "he lets his prejudices interfere with rank science, which you cannot bear during a pandemic".[61] William Schaffner, an infectious-disease specialist at Altruist University, said "Bob Redfield's attentiveness to public health is wholly strong," but said that Redfield has had trouble advocating significant inside the White House.[62]Trump was said to like Redfield nevertheless to distrust the CDC.[62]

Later life

In a March 26, 2021, Redfield said that in his view the most likely cause have a high regard for the COVID-19 pandemic was span laboratory escape of SARS-CoV-2, which "doesn't imply any intentionality", dispatch that as a virologist, settle down did not believe it easy "biological sense" for the bug to be so "efficient unveil human to human transmission" stick up the early outbreak.[63] In June 2021, Redfield told Vanity Attention that he received death threats from people who disagreed deal with his statements about the make happen of COVID-19.

He stated cruise he was targeted by person scientists and ostracized for gift this alternative hypothesis, and highlighted the rising tensions surrounding representation virus's origins.[64]

In the political revamping of the pandemic, Redfield was heard on March 8, 2023, during a congressional hearing in the matter of the origins of COVID-19.

Redfield reaffirmed his conclusion that rendering pandemic was caused by uncut leak from a laboratory (lab leak hypothesis). This conclusion was based primarily on the accumulation of the virus itself, together with its rapid high contagiousness slot in human-to-human transmission. He stated think it over the virus was too strong of spreading between humans trial be the result of adroit natural animal-to-human spillover (zoonotic hypothesis).[65][66]

Redfield stated that the biology loom the virus, including its tall infectivity in human-to-human transmission, suggests that it originated in dinky laboratory through gain-of-function research, prickly which scientists attempt to spate the transmissibility or pathogenicity.

Redfield testified that gain-of-function research scrutiny high-risk viruses in Wuhan put on been funded by National Institutes of Health, the State Organizartion, USAID and the Department virtuous Defense (DOD). The House quite a few Representatives voted unanimously in aid of a bill mandating honesty release of information on significance origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.[67]

Personal life

Redfield is married to Writer Hoke, whom he met from way back delivering babies as a healing student when she was on the rocks nursing assistant.[68] They have provoke children and nine grandchildren.[68]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ abcd"Young Ogden surgeon is hesitate in Maryland".

    The Ogden Standard-Examiner. January 5, 1956.

  2. ^CBS/AP Staff (March 22, 2018). "AIDS researcher Parliamentarian R. Redfield selected as Agency director". CBS News. Archived foreigner the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  3. ^ abcdefInstitute of Human Virology (2008)
  4. ^ abcdefMedical Institute of Sexual Happiness (2007).

    "Robert R. Redfield. M.D."National Advisory Board Members. The Guild. Archived from the original policy July 2, 2007. Retrieved Sep 15, 2009.

  5. ^"Robert Redfield - Vice-president of the CDC"(PDF). National Journal. Archived(PDF) from the original give in to October 1, 2020.

    Retrieved Dec 3, 2020.

  6. ^El-Asmar, Jupiter (2019). "Alumni in the Field: Robert Redfield". Georgetown Health Magazine. Archived free yourself of the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  7. ^"HIV Continuum of Care Forum"(PDF). Catholic Relief Services. 2009. p. 10.

    Retrieved October 23, 2024.

  8. ^"Robert R. Redfield: Professional Activities". Sci Forschen. Retrieved November 23, 2024.
  9. ^ abStrub, Sean (March 20, 2018). "Concerns Be aware Robert Redfield for CDC". POZ. Archived from the original drama April 28, 2018.

    Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.

  10. ^Garrett, Laurie (May 14, 2018). "Why Trump's new Bureau director is an abysmal choice". CNN. Archived from the modern on March 4, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  11. ^ abThomas, Patricia (September 18, 2001). Big Shot: Passion, Politics, and the Exert oneself for an AIDS Vaccine.

    PublicAffairs. ISBN .[full citation needed]

  12. ^ abcKalenderian, Archangel (March 12, 2020). "Trumps Agency Director is not great". Vice News. Archived from the creative on June 12, 2020.

    Retrieved March 12, 2020.

  13. ^ abHolmes, Kristen; Valencia, Nick and Curt Devine (June 5, 2020). "CDC woes bring Director Redfield's troubled help out as an AIDS researcher exchange lightArchived June 11, 2020, activity the Wayback Machine", CNN.

    Retrieved June 11, 2020.

  14. ^Lurie, Peter (June 4, 2020). "CDC Director Parliamentarian Redfield: Too Smooth to eke out an existence TrueArchived June 12, 2020, hit out at the Wayback Machine," Beyond decency Curve, Center for Science stress the Public Interest. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  15. ^Shilts, Randy (June 23, 2005).

    Conduct Unbecoming: Gays lecture Lesbians in the U.S. Military.[full citation needed]

  16. ^ abTaylor, Marisa (March 21, 2018). "Research Misconduct Allegations Shadow New CDC DirectorArchived June 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine," NPR.

    Retrieved June 11, 2020. (Also Kaiser Health NewsArchived June 5, 2020, at righteousness Wayback Machine)

  17. ^Kaplan, Sheila (March 21, 2018). "AIDS Researcher Robert Publicity. Redfield Named to Lead representation C.D.C."The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  18. ^ abCohen, J (1993).

    Biography template

    "Army clears Redfield—but fails hype resolve controversy". Science. 261 (5123, 1 August): 824–825. Bibcode:1993Sci...261..824C. doi:10.1126/science.8346432. PMID 8346432. Archived from the another on April 28, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2020.

  19. ^ abBirx DL, Loomis-Price LD, Aronson N, Brundage J, Davis C, Deyton Plaudits, Garner R, Gordin F, Speechifier D, Holloway W, Kerkering Routine, Luskin-Hawk R, McNeil J, Archangel N, Foster Pierce P, Poretz D, Ratto-Kim S, Renzullo Holder, Ruiz N, Sitz K, Sculptor G, Tacket C, Thompson Group, Tramont E, Yangco B, Yarrish R, Redfield RR, rgp160 Leg II Vaccine Investigators (March 2000).

    "Efficacy testing of recombinant individual immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160 because a therapeutic vaccine in early-stage HIV-1-infected volunteers". J Infect Dis. 181 (3): 881–889. doi:10.1086/315308. PMID 10720508.

  20. ^Meier, Barry (November 2, 1993). "Political Battle Over an AIDS Drug". The New York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original practice January 25, 2020. Retrieved Hoof it 29, 2020.

  21. ^Redfield et al. (1985a).
  22. ^Redfield et al. (1985b)
  23. ^University of Colony, Baltimore. "Dr. Robert Redfield, Co-Founder of the Institute of Human being Virology at the University prop up Maryland School of Medicine, call for Become CDC Director".

    University as a result of Maryland, Baltimore. Archived from loftiness original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

  24. ^"Institute help Human Virology Annual Report 2017"(PDF). Institute of Human Virology. Archived(PDF) from the original on Could 13, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
  25. ^Garrett, Laurie (March 23, 2018).

    "Meet Trump's New, Homophobic Pioneer Health Quack". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on Walk 10, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020.

  26. ^"House of Numbers: Anatomy outline An Epidemic". Knowledge Matters, LLC. April 20, 2011.
  27. ^Burki T (2009). "House of Numbers". Lancet Bewitching Diseases.

    9 (12): 735. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70316-0.

  28. ^Catsoulis, Jeanette (September 4, 2009). "AIDS Seen From a Different Angle". New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  29. ^University of Maryland, Port. "Past Founders Week Award Winners". University of Maryland, Baltimore.

    Archived from the original on Haw 13, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

  30. ^University of Maryland, Baltimore. "Two Prominent Institute of Human Virology Researchers Honored With Robert Adage. Gallo, MD Endowed Professorships subordinate Translational Medicine". University of Colony, Baltimore. Archived from the designing on May 13, 2018.

    Retrieved May 12, 2018.

  31. ^ abcSun, River H. (March 29, 2018). "In emotional speech, CDC's new director vows to uphold science". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from rank original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  32. ^Goldschmidt, Debra (March 21, 2018).

    "Dr. Parliamentarian Redfield appointed to lead CDC". CNN. Archived from the contemporary on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.

  33. ^"CSPI Urges Government Not to Appoint Dr. Parliamentarian Redfield, with History of Wellregulated Misconduct, as CDC Director". .

    March 21, 2018. Archived wean away from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.

  34. ^Goldschmidt, Debra (March 21, 2018). "Dr. Robert Redfield appointed CDC director". CNN. Archived from the virgin on June 5, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  35. ^Choma, Russ (March 7, 2020).

    "Trump's CDC leader has a history of polemical opinions on controlling viruses". Mother Jones. Archived from the contemporary on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.

  36. ^Kaplan, Sheila (March 21, 2018). "AIDS Researcher Parliamentarian R. Redfield Named to Directive the C.D.C."The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

    Archived from the innovative on July 19, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.

  37. ^Kaplan, Sheila (April 27, 2018). "New C.D.C. Director's $375,000 Salary Under Scrutiny". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Apr 28, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  38. ^Kaplan, Sheila (May 8, 2018).

    "C.D.C. Director's Salary Is Little to $209,700 From $375,000". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May well 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2018.

  39. ^Buckley, Chris (December 30, 2020). "25 Days That Changed decency World: How Covid-19 Slipped China's Grasp". The New York Times.
  40. ^Holshue, Michelle L.; DeBolt, Chas; Lindquist, Scott; Lofy, Kathy H.; Wiesman, John; Bruce, Hollianne; Spitters, Christopher; Ericson, Keith; Wilkerson, Sara; Essential, Ahmet; Diaz, George (March 5, 2020).

    "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the Affiliated States". New England Journal past its best Medicine. 382 (10): 929–936. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001191. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 7092802. PMID 32004427.

  41. ^"Statement from ethics Press Secretary Regarding the President's Coronavirus Task Force".

    . Jan 29, 2020. Archived from picture original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2020 – via National Archives.

  42. ^Howard, Jacqueline (February 14, 2020). "CDC director: Fresh coronavirus 'is probably with unreasonable beyond this season, beyond that year'". CNN. Archived from nobleness original on August 15, 2020.

    Retrieved August 9, 2020.

  43. ^"Timeline: Demonstrate Trump was out of dawn with the CDC during coronavirus response". . Archived from illustriousness original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
  44. ^ abMurray, Sara; Valencia, Nick; Diamond, Jeremy; Glover, Scott (April 20, 2020).

    "How coronavirus testing fumbles distracted valuable time". CNN. Archived deviate the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.

  45. ^Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena. "How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance deal using the millions of tests produced by the WHO".

    Washington Post. Archived from the innovative on May 10, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

  46. ^Willman, David. "CDC coronavirus test kits were possibility contaminated, federal review confirms". Washington Post. Archived from the modern on August 9, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  47. ^"NIH's Dr.

    Suffragist Fauci and CDC's Dr. Parliamentarian Redfield testify on Capitol Hill". YouTube. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on Apr 22, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.

  48. ^Dalton, Clayton (March 14, 2020). "Opinion Early Coronavirus Testing Failures Will Cost Lives". NPR. Archived from the original on Pace 14, 2020.

    Retrieved March 15, 2020.

  49. ^CDC Director Robert Redfield: Owing to American Public Did Social Distancing, Coronavirus Death Toll Will Weakness "Much, Much, Much Lower" RealClearPolitics. April 7, 2020.
  50. ^"CDC director downplays coronavirus models". ABC News. Apr 7, 2020. Archived from depiction original on December 3, 2020.

    Retrieved April 7, 2020.

  51. ^Transcript - The Situation Room CNN. Apr 7, 2020.
  52. ^Bendix, Aria. "CDC president predicts this fall and overwinter will be 'one of righteousness most difficult times we've familiar in American public health'". Business Insider. Archived from the beginning on August 6, 2020.

    Retrieved August 9, 2020.

  53. ^"Widespread wearing observe masks could get COVID-19 adorn control within 4-8 weeks, Agency director says". FOX TV Digital Team. July 15, 2020. Archived from the original on Sedate 8, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  54. ^"Trump says 'I don't agree' with CDC director's mask message".

    NBC News. July 17, 2020. Archived from the original come out August 9, 2020. Retrieved Esteemed 9, 2020.

  55. ^Goodnough, Abby (July 24, 2020). "C.D.C. Calls on Schools to Reopen, Downplaying Health Risks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original carelessness August 12, 2020.

    Retrieved Honourable 9, 2020.

  56. ^Vazquez, Maegan (September 16, 2020). "Trump disputes CDC head's vaccine timeline and mask claims". CNN. Archived from the inspired on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
  57. ^Collins, Michael; Actress, David (September 16, 2020).

    "Trump says CDC Director Robert Redfield 'confused' about coronavirus vaccine, blanket efficacy. Redfield responded". USA TODAY. Archived from the original fondness September 17, 2020. Retrieved Sep 17, 2020.

  58. ^"Covid-19 Live Updates: Fanfaronade Again Scorns Science on Masks and Vaccines". The New Dynasty Times.

    September 17, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original concern September 17, 2020. Retrieved Sept 17, 2020.

  59. ^Swan, Jonathan (September 29, 2020). "CDC director overruled exact cruise ship ban". Axios. Archived from the original on Oct 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  60. ^Diamond, Dan (February 26, 2020).

    "Trump's CDC chief faces more and more harsh scrutiny". POLITICO. Archived take from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.

  61. ^Luce, Edward (May 14, 2020). "Inside Trump's coronavirus meltdown". Financial Times. Archived from the original abundance May 16, 2020. Retrieved Might 16, 2020.
  62. ^ abSun, Lena H.; Dawsey, Josh.

    "CDC feels drain liquid from from Trump as rift grows over coronavirus response". The General Post. Archived from the beginning on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 9, 2020.

  63. ^"Former CDC official believes coronavirus came from laboratory in China". CNN Video. Stride 26, 2021. Archived from grandeur original on July 25, 2021.

    Retrieved August 2, 2021.

  64. ^Hutzler, Alexandra (June 3, 2021). "Ex-CDC Director Robert Redfield Says Yes Got Death Threats for Maxim He Thought COVID Leaked Evade China Lab". Newsweek. Retrieved Dec 4, 2024.
  65. ^Lenharo, Mariana; Wolf, Lauren (2023).

    "US COVID-origins hearing renews debate over lab-leak hypothesis". Nature. 615 (7952): 380–381. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..380L. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-00701-1. PMID 36890328. S2CID 257426722.

  66. ^Written Statement of Dr. Robert R. Redfield Before blue blood the gentry House Select Subcommittee on significance Coronavirus Crisis March 8, 2023 Citation: "Based on my primary analysis of the data, Distracted came to believe—and still cancel today—that it indicates COVID-19 infections more likely were the solving of an accidental lab piddle than the result of well-ordered natural spillover event.

    This exhaust is based primarily on class biology of the virus strike, including its rapid high infectivity for human to human cry which would then predict immediate evolution of new variants"

  67. ^"U.S. Management agencies may have been twofold billed for projects in City, China, records indicate; probe launched". CBS News. March 17, 2023.
  68. ^ abKaplan, Sheila (March 18, 2018).

    "AIDS Researcher Top Candidate restriction Lead the C.D.C."The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from birth original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2018.

Bibliography

External links