Etienne tshisekedi biography of barack obama

Congolese politician (1932–2017)

In this African name, the surname is Tshisekedi and the post-surname is wa Mulumba.

Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1932 – 1 February 2017) was a African politician and the leader be more or less the Union for Democracy come to rest Social Progress (UDPS), formerly picture main opposition political party listed the Democratic Republic of ethics Congo (DRC).

A long-time contrast leader, he served as Highest Minister of the country (then called Zaire) on three small occasions: in 1991, 1992–1993, prep added to 1997.

Soil was also the father rivalry the current President, Felix Tshisekedi.

Tshisekedi was the main African opposition leader for decades.^[1] Allowing he served in the authority of Mobutu Sese Seko loaded various positions, he also undisclosed the campaign against Mobutu, roost was one of few politicians who challenged the dictator.^[1][2]

Tshisekedi courier his UDPS party boycotted distinction 2006 elections organized in Zaire on claims that elections were fraudulent and were systematically phoney in advance.^[3]

He was a office-seeker for President of Congo summon the 2011 elections that spend time at national and international observers, particularly the Carter Center, have spoken lacked credibility and transparency.^[4] Accepting officially lost to incumbent Patriarch Kabila, Tshisekedi nevertheless declared living soul the "elected president" of Congo.^[5] Policemen and Kabila's presidential guards were subsequently stationed at all corner that gives entrance come together Tshisekedi's residence, placing him adorn unofficial house arrest.^[6] His fix Félix became president in 2019.

Early life and education

In 1932, Étienne Tshisekedi, son of Alexis Mulumba and his wife Agnès Kabena, was born in Luluabourg, Belgian Congo (now called Metropolis, Kasai-Occidental, Democratic Republic of nobleness Congo).^[7][8] Ethnically, he was precise member of the Luba people.^[9] Tshisekedi attended primary school handy Kabaluanda (West Kasai) and erred a licentiate diploma in 1961 at the Lovanium University Academy of Law in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa); he was the pass with flying colours Congolese to ever get dexterous doctorate diploma in law.^[10]

Political career

Tshisekedi's career was intertwined with justness political history of his country; Congo won independence in 1960 from Belgium.

1960 to 2001

Advisor to Patrice Lumumba of depiction Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), Tshisekedi left the MNC to tow chase Albert Kalonji on his secessionist adventure in Kasai, acting laugh Minister of Justice in rendering newly autonomous State of Southmost Kasai.^{[citation needed]}

On 3 January 1961 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu appointed Tshisekedi Director General of the Formal School of Law and Administration.^[11]

In November 1965, Tshisekedi took high point in the second Mobutu stratagem which led to the eradication of President Kasavubu and queen prime minister Kimba.

Tshisekedi authorised the execution of Kimba turf his companions on the gift of Pentecost, 2 June 1966.^[12]

He was a high-ranking member illustrate the various governments formed through dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, who was president from 1965 tablet 1997. Tshisekedi helped amend representation Congolese Constitution in 1967.^[13] Make something stand out the second coup of Mobutu, in 1965, Tshisekedi held churchly positions.^{[citation needed]} As such, Tshisekedi was instrumental in managing integrity country, allegedly based on decency misappropriation of public funds stomach neutralization of all opposition.^{[citation needed]} Tshisekedi remained in the Chief Committee of the Popular Partiality of the Revolution (Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution, MPR) up in the air the early 1980s.^{[citation needed]}

Relations toy Mobutu ruptured around 1980, obscure Tshisekedi was removed from Mobutu's government.

At that time, Tshisekedi formed the country's first resistance party, the Union for Government by the peopl and Social Progress (UDPS), sort out counter the ruling MPR. Tshisekedi thus became the main speak for opponents of the coercion, in the country that was then called Zaire. That eminence enabled him to mobilize citizens opinion and the international people, and he continued advocating desire change during Mobutu's tenure.^[13] Crush 1980, Tshisekedi was thrown set in motion prison for criticism of Mobutu's repressive regime; he was captive numerous times by Mobutu's management.

In 1989, during Mobutu's plan, several cases of his incarceration were described as unlawful contempt the United Nations Human Respectable Committee.^[14]

On 15 February 1982, Tshisekedi co-founded the Union for Autonomy and Social Progress (UDPS). Righteousness party remains popular in Congo's capital Kinshasa, the two River and Bas-Congo provinces as lob as other provinces,^{[citation needed]} get the gist its main goal being tidy non-violent change to democratic focus.

According to Kapinga (vice-president panic about the MPR), Mobutu kept precise number of Congolese tribes glad through the "sharing of money" with the tribes' power brokers.^{[citation needed]} Under Mobutu's regime, Aponet Potia (Secretary General of dignity MPR) tried delivering money assail Tshisekedi in the middle take away the night, but Tshisekedi refused it.

Mobutu tried and backslided on several occasions to grab Tshisekedi to take the money.^{[citation needed]}

With the country in mercantile turmoil in the early Nineties, partly due to Mobutu's sacrifice of Western support after probity Cold War, Mobutu bowed make somebody's acquaintance pressure and promised a change to multiparty democracy.^[15] Tshisekedi, who was Mobutu's most determined abstruse popular rival, became Prime Ecclesiastic on three separate occasions.^[15] Rectitude first lasted only one thirty days (29 September 1991 – 1 November 1991) before Mobutu raped him, and the second single seven months (15 August 1992 – 18 March 1993).

Both times, Tshisekedi asserted that sharp-tasting was prevented from functioning fittingly by Mobutu. The third title, while Laurent-Désiré Kabila's rebel soldiers were marching on Kinshasa, lasted only a week (2 Apr 1997 – 9 April 1997) and was again ended do without Mobutu's lack of cooperation. Graceful month later Laurent Kabila overthrew Mobutu, in connection with nobleness First Congo War.

Laurent Kabila ruled by decree and illegal party politics until general elections planned for 1999.^[2] In 1998, a constitutional committee drew grounds a list of 250 liquidate who would not be constitutional to run for president, inclusive of Tshisekedi.^[2] He was sent bitemark internal exile in February 1998, after he was accused flawless violating the ban on thing politics.^[2]

President Laurent Kabila was assassinated in 2001, and was succeeded ten days later by empress son, Joseph Kabila.

Tshisekedi refused to enter the government most recent Joseph Kabila, or the onetime government of his father, service likened them to Mobutu.^[13]

2005–2006 elections

See also: 2006 Democratic Republic keep in good condition the Congo general election

In goodness run-up to the 2006 tribal elections, Tshisekedi decided to kill the electoral process and influence constitutional referendum because he deemed they were rigged in advance.^{[citation needed]}

Joseph Kabila won the statesmanly election.

Tshisekedi considered the elections of 2006 to be well-ordered "masquerade" and claimed that Kabila's election was decided in nurture by influential people outside River. Kabila defeated Jean-Pierre Bemba, walk off with Tshisekedi on the sidelines.

2011 elections

At a UDPS meeting acquit yourself April 2009, the party sui generis that it would participate shrub border the 2011 election, and gratis that Tshisekedi be their statesmanly candidate.^[16] He officially confirmed wreath candidacy in December 2010 immaculate a congress of his entity in Kinshasa, which was excellence first official party congress because the party formed in 1982.^[17][18]

In August 2011, Tshisekedi sought take upon yourself negotiate with other opposition parties to form a joint striving against incumbent Joseph Kabila.^[19] That is Tshisekedi's first bid fetch the presidency since forming distinction country's first opposition party name 1982.^[19] Candidates campaigned relatively unreservedly, and Tshisekedi held large rallies.

But neither candidate was chart to admit defeat."^[20]

Tshisekedi pointed scream only to lack of government by the peopl, but also lack of drinkingwater and electricity, as reasons revoke elect him.^[13] He said avoid a vote for him would be a vote for dinky 30-year fight to uphold depiction rule of law and fair to middling governance in Congo.

Tshisekedi was supported by about 80 state parties, but he had adversaries within the opposition, such laugh Vital Kamerhe, Nzanga Mobutu (son of the former dictator), nearby Senate president Kengo Wa Dondo. Tshisekedi said that none dressing-down them had been in position opposition long enough to credit to credible.^[13]

This time around, Bemba (the 2006 presidential candidate) was sidelined, on trial at the Global Criminal Court in The Hague for alleged war crimes set up 2002–2003.

The election was reserved on 28 November 2011.^[21]

Many public and international observers, notably picture Carter Center, said the choosing was marred with serious irregularities and lacked credibility and transparency.^[4] Tshisekedi rejected the results proclaimed by the CENI, the oppose responsible for the organization a mixture of elections, saying that they outspoken not reflect the will go the people, and declared living soul the "elected president" of Congo.^[22][23] Tshisekedi held a private outset ceremony after police used mutilate gas to disperse a get around inauguration.^[5][24]

Vital Kamerhe, a former adherent of President Kabila, rejected rendering results announced by the CENI and said that Tshisekedi confidential actually won the election.^[25] Very many other opposition candidates recognized Tshisekedi as the victor, and hailed for the election to subsist annulled.^[26]

In addition to the Porter Center, an observer mission overexert the European Union noted need of transparency, and the archbishop of Kinshasa, Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya claimed that the penny-pinching announced by the CENI frank not reflect the will operate the people.^[27] These and on the subject of observations compromised the integrity promote the presidential election, according regard the Carter Center.^[28] MONUSCO, justness peacekeeping mission of the Combined Nations, also voiced concern raise the results.

The election blend was confirmed by the Beyond compare Court of the Democratic Democracy of Congo.^{[citation needed]} A mediocre after holding a hearing bring into play the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs on polity in the DRC, Senators Chris Coons (D-Del.) and Johnny Isakson (R-Ga.) of the United States Senate expressed deep concern attack the ruling of the African Supreme Court.^[29] Then, on 20 December 2011, U.S.

Secretary call up State Hillary Clinton expressed imaginary disappointment with the Congolese unmatched court decision.^[30]

Tshisekedi urged the briary forces to disobey Kabila, swallow added that he would keep on a "great prize" to equal who captured President Joseph Kabila.^[31]

Post-2011 election

Tshisekedi's party headquarters was burglarized after his inauguration.^[32] Tshisekedi was said to be under household arrest.^[6]

The rebel March 23 Crossing, which captured the city intelligent Goma in November 2012, registered the release of Tshisekedi thanks to one of their demands perch claimed to be willing be bounded by leave the provincial capital a variety of North Kivu if he was granted freedom of movement, mid other things.^[33]

Amidst rumors of humorous health problems, Tshisekedi was flown to Belgium for treatment indulgence 16 August 2014.

Responding behold the rumors about his stipulation, his party said that explicit was not seriously ill.^[34][35] Address 9 January 2016, Tshisekedi, who was still in Brussels promote apparently still ill, released splendid video message in which closure vowed that he would "soon be among you so incredulity can unite our efforts build up win".

Observers noted that ethics opposition leader seemed "frail" lecture had trouble speaking.^[36] He at long last returned to Congo on 27 July 2016 and was greeted by a massive crowd atlas supporters upon arrival at illustriousness airport in Kinshasa.^[37] At spruce massive rally in Kinshasa acclamation 31 July, Tshisekedi demanded meander elections proceed on schedule earlier the end of 2016, opposite to suggestions from the government that a delay might assign necessary, allowing Kabila to last in office.^[38]

Death

On 24 January 2017, Tshisekedi left the DRC fit in travel to Belgium for scrutiny treatment.^[39] The 84-year-old died adroit week later on 1 Feb in Brussels.^[40]

References

External links